Synecdoche:
A figure of speech in which a part stands for the whole or a whole stands for the part. Example:
The tortoise here and elephant unite,
Transformed to combs, the speckled and the white.
(Pope: The Rape of the Lock)
Here tortoise and elephant (whole) stand for shell and tusk (part) respectively.
"The lone and level sands stretch far away."
(Shelley: "Ozymandias")
In this line "sands" stands for desert.
The long day wanes: the slow moon climbs: the deep
Moans round with many voices. (Tennyson: "Ulysses")
Here "deep" stands for the sea.
Theme:
The central idea of a literary work. For example, the major theme of Pride and Prejudice is love, of Othello jealousy and of Hamlet revenge. A work of literature may have several themes. For example, the themes of Great Expectations are: a child's growth to be a gentleman, love, power of money, etc.
Tone:
Tone in literature is the attitude or feeling towards the subject or the target audience. An author creates the intended tone of his writing by the variance of diction, syntax, imagery, figures of speech, etc. Though the author sets the tone in a poem, the attitude of the speaker is called tone; in a novel the attitude of the narrator is called tone; in a non-fiction writing the attitude of the writer is called tone; and in a drama the attitude of a character reflected in his dialogues is called tone.
Tone may be as many as human feelings. It may be formal or informal, serious or playful, romantic or matter-of-fact, cynical or sublime, joyful or melancholic, sympathetic or apathetic, arrogant or humble, ironic or sincere, didactic or objective, and the like. Here is an example from Shelley's "Ozymandias":
My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:
Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
The tone reflected in these lines is arrogant or proud.
Look at these concluding lines of Wordsworth's "Daffodils":
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.
The tone here is sublime and happy.
Hamlet says to Horatio in Hamlet (Act I, Scene V):
"There are more things in Heaven and Earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of in our philosophy."
Here the tone is surprised.
Trochee:
A metrical foot consisting of a stressed and an unstressed syllable in a verse line. It is opposite to iamb. [see Foot]
For example:
"Double, / double, / toil and / trouble"
(Shakespeare: Macbeth, Act IV, Scene I)
